Literature The literature of Finland is written in three languages: Latin, Swedish and Finnish. Up to the major victims (1713-21), 60% of the books were in Latin, 30% in Swedish and 10% in Finnish. THE MIDDLE AGES The Latin Saint Henry legend of the 13th century is the oldest known literary text from Finland “Missale…
Author: globalsciencellc
France Arts and Literature
Literature THE MIDDLE AGES The oldest preserved literature in French dates back to the 8th century and consists of religious texts translated from Latin. Only with fully developed feudalism in the 11th century did more significant original poetry emerge. The epic was the important genre. The oldest is the epic about war deeds, chansons they…
Greece Arts and Literature
Literature, drama and theater The first centuries after the fall of Byzantium The linguistic conditions that prevailed from the time of the birth of Christ cause Greek literature from the late Middle Ages to appear in varying language costumes, archaic, popular or mixed. Western influences began to manifest themselves in form and content, especially in…
Iceland Arts and Literature
Literature From land name time to about 1200 The Norwegian settlers who set course for Iceland from the end of the 8th century brought home a rich flora of traditions and memories. A large part of these were fairy tales, ie. stories of both historical and fictional nature; an important feature was the goddess and…
Italy Arts and Literature
Literature For ancient Italy, see Latin literature. At the end of the 13th century a literature in Italian vernacular emerged. A crucial prerequisite was the brilliant court of German-Roman emperor Frederick II with artists and poets from both the east and the west; there were volatile Provencal troubadours and Jewish and Arab scandals. A poem…
Croatia Arts and Literature
Literature The Croatian literature had a fragmented character before the 19th century, which corresponded to the country’s division between several ruling powers. The literary upswing was regionally and temporally delineated, and as a literary language, local variants of all the three main dialects of Serbo-Croatian were used. The first upturn was the northern coastal country….
Latvia Arts and Literature
Literature Until the middle of the 19th century, the Latvian literature consisted of orally traditional folk poetry and German influenced religious edifice literature. At the national awakening, the Latvian literary language became a modern poem. In 1879, the first Latvian novel, Mērnieku laiki (‘The Land Surveyors’ Time’), was published by the Kaudzīte brothers, and already…
Lithuania Arts and Literature
Literature Literature in Lithuanian, earliest with religious content, originated in the 16th century. The oldest is Mažvyda’s translation from 1547 of Luther’s catechism. The fictional creation was initiated by Donelaitis, whose realistic hexameter poem “Metai” (“The Seasons”) was published in 1818. During the press ban 1864-1904 books and magazines were printed, among other things. in…
Luxembourg Arts and Literature
Literature The literary languages in Luxembourg are German (most common), French and Luxembourg. The diversity of the country’s literature depends on the complex language situation. When a writer begins his or her career, the choice of language is always at the forefront. Compared to the major neighboring countries France and Germany, the literature in Luxembourg…
Malta Arts and Literature
Literature, drama and theater Maltese cultural life has historically been strongly influenced by both English and Italian influences. A literature in Maltese can be said to have been initially initiated by the poet Dun Karm (pseudonym of Carmelo Psaila, 1871–1961). Karm has been followed by Mario Azzopardi (1928–2006) and a dynamic generation of playwrights and…