Literature Slovak literature written in Latin or Czech with Slovak elements received a boost from the 17th century, with eg. the Protestant hymn book by Jiří Třanovský (1636), the Catholic “Cantus Catholici” (1655), the note-learning “Valaská škola” (‘The Heraldry School’, 1–2, written 1755, printed 1830) by Hugolín Gavlovič in verse. In parallel, a lyrical and…
Author: globalsciencellc
Slovenia Arts and Literature
Literature An isolated Slovenian literary memorial with religious content is the so-called Freising Monument, three manuscripts dated to the end of the 9th century or the beginning of the 9th century. A wider literary upturn was first achieved by the Slovenians with the Reformation around the middle of the 16th century. Leading figure was Primož…
Spain Arts and Literature
Literature The first preserved literary works in Castilian, ie. Spanish in the core country of Castile, is from the 1100’s. Most important are the epic tributes to the war hero Cid, “Poema de mío Cid” and “Cantar de Rodrigo”. The reign of Alfon X (the wise) 1252–84 was conducive to literature and science, and a…
United Kingdom Arts and Literature
Literature See also Ireland (Literature) and Scotland (Literature). The Ancient English Period (to about 1100) The emergence of a literature was favored by the narrative heritage brought by the Germanic peoples to England in the 14th century, but also by the early founding monasteries and by the bards, “scops”, who recited poems at various kings…
Sweden Arts and Literature
Literature Ancient and Middle Ages Little of the pre-Christian literature has been preserved. On some rune stones there are poems on the verses we know from Iceland. The oldest literature belongs to the landscape laws, which were recorded from the 13th century. Literary impulses from the south were conveyed by the church. In the 13th…
Czech Republic Arts and Literature
Literature Originally, literature was written in ancient Kyrgyzstan and Latin. Among the oldest Czech texts is the coral “Lord have mercy on us”, probably from the 9th century. In the 1300’s a highly developed literature was created, eg. The Dalimil Chronicle, the satire “Podkoní a žák” (“The stable boy and the student”), the dialogue “Tkadleček”…
Germany Arts and Literature
Literature The first true German literature emerged in the monastery during the ancient High German era (750–1050) and bore traces of both Germanic-pagan and Christian culture. During this time, monks recorded, among other things. the pagan magical formulas “Merseburger Zaubersprüche” (c. 970) and the heroic poem “Hildebrandslied” (beginning of the 8th century) with roots in…
Ukraine Arts and Literature
Literature Since Christianity 988 was introduced in the prince state of Kievrus, cultural relations increased especially with the Byzantine Empire. Sermons, saints’ legends and historical works were translated into Kyrkoslavian, a book language understood by the various tribes of Kiev. No marked division into dialects had yet begun. Therefore, the oldest Ukrainian literature coincided with…
Hungary Arts and Literature
Literature The oldest preserved text in Hungarian is a burial date from about 1150, while the oldest poem dates from the 1290’s. In the 16th century, national literature was created, and the first complete Bible translation by Gáspár Károlyi became important for the Hungarian literary language. The soldier and Renaissance poet Bálint Balassi is still…
Belarus Arts and Literature
Literature Literature in the Belarusian area was developed from the common East Slavic word art in the Kiev state. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Belarussian state languages became later: laws, chronicles and diplomatic documents were therefore written off in an early form of Belarussians. Georgia Frantisjek Skaryna (born ca 1490, died 1541) printed and…